bronchitis

This topic provides information about acute bronchitis in otherwise healthy people. If you have a long-term (chronic) respiratory disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute bronchitis may be treated differently. For more information, see the topics Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Pneumonia.



What are bronchitis and acute bronchitis?


Bronchitis is inflammation of the tubes that carry air to the lungs (bronchial tubes). When these tubes are inflamed, they swell and produce mucus (sputum). The swollen tubes and increased mucus trigger coughing and may make it more difficult for you to breathe. There are two types of bronchitis:


• Acute bronchitis usually develops rapidly and lasts 2 to 3 weeks in otherwise healthy people. Most healthy people who develop bronchitis get better without any complications. See an illustration of acute bronchitis.


• Chronic bronchitis recurs and becomes long-term, especially in people who smoke. A cough that produces too much mucus and is present most days during a 3-month period for at least 2 years in a row suggests chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


This topic focuses on acute bronchitis. It affects both children and adults.


What causes acute bronchitis?


Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a virus. It is more common during the winter months, and you often develop it after having an upper respiratory tract illness such as influenza (flu) or a cold. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) may be a cause, especially in adults older than 65. Acute bronchitis is caused by bacteria about 10% of the time. 1


Acute bronchitis can also be caused by exposure to smoke, chemicals, or air pollution, all of which can irritate the bronchial tubes, or it can develop from accidentally inhaling (aspirating) food, vomit, or mucous material.


What are the symptoms?


The main symptom of acute bronchitis is a cough that often brings up clear, yellow, or green mucus. A mild fever, usually less than 101° (38.3°), may also be present. You may feel tired and short of breath, and you may wheeze when breathing. Symptoms usually begin 3 to 4 days after an upper respiratory tract infection and last 2 to 3 weeks in otherwise healthy people. However, more than 20% of people with acute bronchitis have a cough that lasts more than 4 weeks. 2